Quantity#
- class astropy.units.Quantity(value: QuantityLike, unit=None, dtype=<class 'numpy.inexact'>, copy=True, order=None, subok=False, ndmin=0)[source]#
Bases:
ndarray
A
Quantity
represents a number with some associated unit.See also: https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/units/quantity.html
- Parameters:
- valuenumber,
ndarray
,Quantity
(sequence), orstr
The numerical value of this quantity in the units given by unit. If a
Quantity
or sequence of them (or any other valid object with aunit
attribute), creates a newQuantity
object, converting tounit
units as needed. If a string, it is converted to a number orQuantity
, depending on whether a unit is present.- unitastropy:unit-like
An object that represents the unit associated with the input value. Must be an
UnitBase
object or a string parseable by theunits
package.- dtype
dtype
, optional The dtype of the resulting Numpy array or scalar that will hold the value. If not provided, it is determined from the input, except that any integer and (non-Quantity) object inputs are converted to float by default. If
None
, the normalnumpy.dtype
introspection is used, e.g. preventing upcasting of integers.- copybool, optional
If
True
(default), then the value is copied. Otherwise, a copy will only be made if__array__
returns a copy, if value is a nested sequence, or if a copy is needed to satisfy an explicitly givendtype
. (TheFalse
option is intended mostly for internal use, to speed up initialization where a copy is known to have been made. Use with care.)- order{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’}, optional
Specify the order of the array. As in
array
. This parameter is ignored if the input is aQuantity
andcopy=False
.- subokbool, optional
If
False
(default), the returned array will be forced to be aQuantity
. Otherwise,Quantity
subclasses will be passed through, or a subclass appropriate for the unit will be used (such asDex
foru.dex(u.AA)
).- ndmin
int
, optional Specifies the minimum number of dimensions that the resulting array should have. Ones will be prepended to the shape as needed to meet this requirement. This parameter is ignored if the input is a
Quantity
andcopy=False
.
- valuenumber,
- Raises:
Notes
Quantities can also be created by multiplying a number or array with a
Unit
. See https://docs.astropy.org/en/latest/units/Unless the
dtype
argument is explicitly specified, integer or (non-Quantity) object inputs are converted tofloat
by default.Attributes Summary
Returns a copy of the current
Quantity
instance with CGS units.A list of equivalencies that will be applied by default during unit conversions.
A 1-D iterator over the Quantity array.
Container for meta information like name, description, format.
True if the
value
of this quantity is a scalar, or False if it is an array-like object.Returns a copy of the current
Quantity
instance with SI units.A
UnitBase
object representing the unit of this quantity.The numerical value of this instance.
Methods Summary
all
([axis, out, keepdims, where])Returns True if all elements evaluate to True.
any
([axis, out, keepdims, where])Returns True if any of the elements of
a
evaluate to True.argmax
([axis, out, keepdims])Return indices of the maximum values along the given axis.
argmin
([axis, out, keepdims])Return indices of the minimum values along the given axis.
argsort
([axis, kind, order])Returns the indices that would sort this array.
choose
(choices[, out, mode])Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.
decompose
([bases])Generates a new
Quantity
with the units decomposed.diff
([n, axis])dot
(b[, out])dump
(file)Not implemented, use
.value.dump()
instead.dumps
()Not implemented, use
.value.dumps()
instead.ediff1d
([to_end, to_begin])fill
(value)Fill the array with a scalar value.
insert
(obj, values[, axis])Insert values along the given axis before the given indices and return a new
Quantity
object.item
(*args)Copy an element of an array to a scalar Quantity and return it.
mean
([axis, dtype, out, keepdims, where])Returns the average of the array elements along given axis.
put
(indices, values[, mode])Set
a.flat[n] = values[n]
for alln
in indices.round
([decimals, out])Return
a
with each element rounded to the given number of decimals.searchsorted
(v[, side, sorter])Find indices where elements of v should be inserted in a to maintain order.
std
([axis, dtype, out, ddof, keepdims, where])Returns the standard deviation of the array elements along given axis.
take
(indices[, axis, out, mode])Return an array formed from the elements of
a
at the given indices.to
(unit[, equivalencies, copy])Return a new
Quantity
object with the specified unit.to_string
([unit, precision, format, subfmt, ...])Generate a string representation of the quantity and its unit.
to_value
([unit, equivalencies])The numerical value, possibly in a different unit.
tobytes
([order])Not implemented, use
.value.tobytes()
instead.tofile
(fid[, sep, format])Not implemented, use
.value.tofile()
instead.tolist
()Return the array as an
a.ndim
-levels deep nested list of Python scalars.tostring
([order])Not implemented, use
.value.tostring()
instead.trace
([offset, axis1, axis2, dtype, out])Return the sum along diagonals of the array.
var
([axis, dtype, out, ddof, keepdims, where])Returns the variance of the array elements, along given axis.
Attributes Documentation
- cgs#
Returns a copy of the current
Quantity
instance with CGS units. The value of the resulting object will be scaled.
- equivalencies#
A list of equivalencies that will be applied by default during unit conversions.
- flat#
A 1-D iterator over the Quantity array.
This returns a
QuantityIterator
instance, which behaves the same as theflatiter
instance returned byflat
, and is similar to, but not a subclass of, Python’s built-in iterator object.
- info#
Container for meta information like name, description, format. This is required when the object is used as a mixin column within a table, but can be used as a general way to store meta information.
- isscalar#
True if the
value
of this quantity is a scalar, or False if it is an array-like object.Note
This is subtly different from
numpy.isscalar
in thatnumpy.isscalar
returns False for a zero-dimensional array (e.g.np.array(1)
), while this is True for quantities, since quantities cannot represent true numpy scalars.
- si#
Returns a copy of the current
Quantity
instance with SI units. The value of the resulting object will be scaled.
- value#
The numerical value of this instance.
See also
to_value
Get the numerical value in a given unit.
Methods Documentation
- all(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)[source]#
Returns True if all elements evaluate to True.
Refer to
numpy.all
for full documentation.See also
numpy.all
equivalent function
- any(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)[source]#
Returns True if any of the elements of
a
evaluate to True.Refer to
numpy.any
for full documentation.See also
numpy.any
equivalent function
- argmax(axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=False)[source]#
Return indices of the maximum values along the given axis.
Refer to
numpy.argmax
for full documentation.See also
numpy.argmax
equivalent function
- argmin(axis=None, out=None, *, keepdims=False)[source]#
Return indices of the minimum values along the given axis.
Refer to
numpy.argmin
for detailed documentation.See also
numpy.argmin
equivalent function
- argsort(axis=-1, kind=None, order=None)[source]#
Returns the indices that would sort this array.
Refer to
numpy.argsort
for full documentation.See also
numpy.argsort
equivalent function
- choose(choices, out=None, mode='raise')[source]#
Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.
Refer to
numpy.choose
for full documentation.See also
numpy.choose
equivalent function
- decompose(bases=[])[source]#
Generates a new
Quantity
with the units decomposed. Decomposed units have only irreducible units in them (seeastropy.units.UnitBase.decompose
).- Parameters:
- basessequence of
UnitBase
, optional The bases to decompose into. When not provided, decomposes down to any irreducible units. When provided, the decomposed result will only contain the given units. This will raises a
UnitsError
if it’s not possible to do so.
- basessequence of
- Returns:
- newq
Quantity
A new object equal to this quantity with units decomposed.
- newq
- fill(value)[source]#
Fill the array with a scalar value.
- Parameters:
- valuescalar
All elements of
a
will be assigned this value.
Examples
>>> import numpy as np >>> a = np.array([1, 2]) >>> a.fill(0) >>> a array([0, 0]) >>> a = np.empty(2) >>> a.fill(1) >>> a array([1., 1.])
Fill expects a scalar value and always behaves the same as assigning to a single array element. The following is a rare example where this distinction is important:
>>> a = np.array([None, None], dtype=object) >>> a[0] = np.array(3) >>> a array([array(3), None], dtype=object) >>> a.fill(np.array(3)) >>> a array([array(3), array(3)], dtype=object)
Where other forms of assignments will unpack the array being assigned:
>>> a[...] = np.array(3) >>> a array([3, 3], dtype=object)
- insert(obj, values, axis=None)[source]#
Insert values along the given axis before the given indices and return a new
Quantity
object.This is a thin wrapper around the
numpy.insert
function.- Parameters:
- obj
int
,slice
or sequence ofint
Object that defines the index or indices before which
values
is inserted.- valuesarray_like
Values to insert. If the type of
values
is different from that of quantity,values
is converted to the matching type.values
should be shaped so that it can be broadcast appropriately The unit ofvalues
must be consistent with this quantity.- axis
int
, optional Axis along which to insert
values
. Ifaxis
is None then the quantity array is flattened before insertion.
- obj
- Returns:
- out
Quantity
A copy of quantity with
values
inserted. Note that the insertion does not occur in-place: a new quantity array is returned.
- out
Examples
>>> import astropy.units as u >>> q = [1, 2] * u.m >>> q.insert(0, 50 * u.cm) <Quantity [ 0.5, 1., 2.] m>
>>> q = [[1, 2], [3, 4]] * u.m >>> q.insert(1, [10, 20] * u.m, axis=0) <Quantity [[ 1., 2.], [ 10., 20.], [ 3., 4.]] m>
>>> q.insert(1, 10 * u.m, axis=1) <Quantity [[ 1., 10., 2.], [ 3., 10., 4.]] m>
- item(*args)[source]#
Copy an element of an array to a scalar Quantity and return it.
Like
item()
except that it always returns aQuantity
, not a Python scalar.
- mean(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False, *, where=True)[source]#
Returns the average of the array elements along given axis.
Refer to
numpy.mean
for full documentation.See also
numpy.mean
equivalent function
- put(indices, values, mode='raise')[source]#
Set
a.flat[n] = values[n]
for alln
in indices.Refer to
numpy.put
for full documentation.See also
numpy.put
equivalent function
- round(decimals=0, out=None)[source]#
Return
a
with each element rounded to the given number of decimals.Refer to
numpy.around
for full documentation.See also
numpy.around
equivalent function
- searchsorted(v, side='left', sorter=None)[source]#
Find indices where elements of v should be inserted in a to maintain order.
For full documentation, see
numpy.searchsorted
See also
numpy.searchsorted
equivalent function
- std(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=False, *, where=True)[source]#
Returns the standard deviation of the array elements along given axis.
Refer to
numpy.std
for full documentation.See also
numpy.std
equivalent function
- take(indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise')[source]#
Return an array formed from the elements of
a
at the given indices.Refer to
numpy.take
for full documentation.See also
numpy.take
equivalent function
- to(unit, equivalencies=[], copy=True)[source]#
Return a new
Quantity
object with the specified unit.- Parameters:
- unitastropy:unit-like
An object that represents the unit to convert to. Must be an
UnitBase
object or a string parseable by theunits
package.- equivalencies
list
oftuple
A list of equivalence pairs to try if the units are not directly convertible. See Equivalencies. If not provided or
[]
, class default equivalencies will be used (none forQuantity
, but may be set for subclasses) IfNone
, no equivalencies will be applied at all, not even any set globally or within a context.- copybool, optional
If
True
(default), then the value is copied. Otherwise, a copy will only be made if necessary.
See also
to_value
get the numerical value in a given unit.
- to_string(unit=None, precision=None, format=None, subfmt=None, *, formatter=None)[source]#
Generate a string representation of the quantity and its unit.
The behavior of this function can be altered via the
numpy.set_printoptions
function and its various keywords. The exception to this is thethreshold
keyword, which is controlled via the[units.quantity]
configuration itemlatex_array_threshold
. This is treated separately because the numpy default of 1000 is too big for most browsers to handle.- Parameters:
- unitastropy:unit-like, optional
Specifies the unit. If not provided, the unit used to initialize the quantity will be used.
- precisionnumber, optional
The level of decimal precision. If
None
, or not provided, it will be determined from NumPy print options.- format
str
, optional The format of the result. If not provided, an unadorned string is returned. Supported values are:
‘latex’: Return a LaTeX-formatted string
‘latex_inline’: Return a LaTeX-formatted string that uses negative exponents instead of fractions
- formatter
str
,callable()
,dict
, optional The formatter to use for the value. If a string, it should be a valid format specifier using Python’s mini-language. If a callable, it will be treated as the default formatter for all values and will overwrite default Latex formatting for exponential notation and complex numbers. If a dict, it should map a specific type to a callable to be directly passed into
numpy.array2string
. If not provided, the default formatter will be used.- subfmt
str
, optional Subformat of the result. For the moment, only used for
format='latex'
andformat='latex_inline'
. Supported values are:‘inline’: Use
$ ... $
as delimiters.‘display’: Use
$\displaystyle ... $
as delimiters.
- Returns:
str
A string with the contents of this Quantity
- to_value(unit=None, equivalencies=[])[source]#
The numerical value, possibly in a different unit.
- Parameters:
- unitastropy:unit-like, optional
The unit in which the value should be given. If not given or
None
, use the current unit.- equivalencies
list
oftuple
, optional A list of equivalence pairs to try if the units are not directly convertible (see Equivalencies). If not provided or
[]
, class default equivalencies will be used (none forQuantity
, but may be set for subclasses). IfNone
, no equivalencies will be applied at all, not even any set globally or within a context.
- Returns:
See also
to
Get a new instance in a different unit.
- tolist()[source]#
Return the array as an
a.ndim
-levels deep nested list of Python scalars.Return a copy of the array data as a (nested) Python list. Data items are converted to the nearest compatible builtin Python type, via the
item
function.If
a.ndim
is 0, then since the depth of the nested list is 0, it will not be a list at all, but a simple Python scalar.- Parameters:
- none
- Returns:
Notes
The array may be recreated via
a = np.array(a.tolist())
, although this may sometimes lose precision.Examples
For a 1D array,
a.tolist()
is almost the same aslist(a)
, except thattolist
changes numpy scalars to Python scalars:>>> import numpy as np >>> a = np.uint32([1, 2]) >>> a_list = list(a) >>> a_list [1, 2] >>> type(a_list[0]) <class 'numpy.uint32'> >>> a_tolist = a.tolist() >>> a_tolist [1, 2] >>> type(a_tolist[0]) <class 'int'>
Additionally, for a 2D array,
tolist
applies recursively:>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) >>> list(a) [array([1, 2]), array([3, 4])] >>> a.tolist() [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
The base case for this recursion is a 0D array:
>>> a = np.array(1) >>> list(a) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: iteration over a 0-d array >>> a.tolist() 1
- trace(offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None)[source]#
Return the sum along diagonals of the array.
Refer to
numpy.trace
for full documentation.See also
numpy.trace
equivalent function