# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
from __future__ import annotations
import abc
import inspect
from types import MappingProxyType
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, TypeVar
import numpy as np
from astropy.io.registry import UnifiedReadWriteMethod
from astropy.utils.decorators import classproperty
from astropy.utils.metadata import MetaData
from ._utils import all_cls_vars
from .connect import (
CosmologyFromFormat,
CosmologyRead,
CosmologyToFormat,
CosmologyWrite,
)
from .parameter import Parameter
from .parameter._descriptors import ParametersAttribute
if TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from collections.abc import Mapping
from astropy.cosmology.funcs.comparison import _FormatType
# Originally authored by Andrew Becker (becker@astro.washington.edu),
# and modified by Neil Crighton (neilcrighton@gmail.com), Roban Kramer
# (robanhk@gmail.com), and Nathaniel Starkman (n.starkman@mail.utoronto.ca).
# Many of these adapted from Hogg 1999, astro-ph/9905116
# and Linder 2003, PRL 90, 91301
__all__ = ["Cosmology", "CosmologyError", "FlatCosmologyMixin"]
__doctest_requires__ = {} # needed until __getattr__ removed
##############################################################################
# Parameters
# registry of cosmology classes with {key=name : value=class}
_COSMOLOGY_CLASSES = dict()
# typing
_CosmoT = TypeVar("_CosmoT", bound="Cosmology")
_FlatCosmoT = TypeVar("_FlatCosmoT", bound="FlatCosmologyMixin")
##############################################################################
[docs]
class CosmologyError(Exception):
pass
[docs]
class Cosmology(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
"""Base-class for all Cosmologies.
Parameters
----------
*args
Arguments into the cosmology; used by subclasses, not this base class.
name : str or None (optional, keyword-only)
The name of the cosmology.
meta : dict or None (optional, keyword-only)
Metadata for the cosmology, e.g., a reference.
**kwargs
Arguments into the cosmology; used by subclasses, not this base class.
Notes
-----
Class instances are static -- you cannot (and should not) change the
values of the parameters. That is, all of the above attributes
(except meta) are read only.
For details on how to create performant custom subclasses, see the
documentation on :ref:`astropy-cosmology-fast-integrals`.
Cosmology subclasses are automatically registered in a global registry
and with various I/O methods. To turn off or change this registration,
override the ``_register_cls`` classmethod in the subclass.
"""
meta = MetaData()
# Unified I/O object interchange methods
from_format = UnifiedReadWriteMethod(CosmologyFromFormat)
to_format = UnifiedReadWriteMethod(CosmologyToFormat)
# Unified I/O read and write methods
read = UnifiedReadWriteMethod(CosmologyRead)
write = UnifiedReadWriteMethod(CosmologyWrite)
# Parameters
parameters = ParametersAttribute(attr_name="_parameters")
"""Immutable mapping of the Parameters.
If accessed from the class, this returns a mapping of the Parameter
objects themselves. If accessed from an instance, this returns a
mapping of the values of the Parameters.
"""
_derived_parameters = ParametersAttribute(attr_name="_parameters_derived")
"""Immutable mapping of the derived Parameters.
If accessed from the class, this returns a mapping of the Parameter
objects themselves. If accessed from an instance, this returns a
mapping of the values of the Parameters.
"""
_parameters: ClassVar = MappingProxyType[str, Parameter]({})
_parameters_derived: ClassVar = MappingProxyType[str, Parameter]({})
_parameters_all: ClassVar = frozenset[str]()
# ---------------------------------------------------------------
def __init_subclass__(cls):
super().__init_subclass__()
# -------------------
# Parameters
params = {}
derived_params = {}
for n, v in all_cls_vars(cls).items():
if not isinstance(v, Parameter):
continue
if v.derived:
derived_params[n] = v
else:
params[n] = v
# reorder to match signature, placing "unordered" at the end
ordered = {
n: params.pop(n)
for n in cls._init_signature.parameters.keys()
if n in params
}
cls._parameters = MappingProxyType(ordered | params)
cls._parameters_derived = MappingProxyType(derived_params)
cls._parameters_all = frozenset(cls._parameters).union(cls._parameters_derived)
# -------------------
# Registration
if not inspect.isabstract(cls): # skip abstract classes
cls._register_cls()
@classproperty(lazy=True)
def _init_signature(cls):
"""Initialization signature (without 'self')."""
# get signature, dropping "self" by taking arguments [1:]
sig = inspect.signature(cls.__init__)
sig = sig.replace(parameters=list(sig.parameters.values())[1:])
return sig
@classmethod
def _register_cls(cls):
# register class
_COSMOLOGY_CLASSES[cls.__qualname__] = cls
# register to YAML
from astropy.cosmology._io.yaml import register_cosmology_yaml
register_cosmology_yaml(cls)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------
def __init__(self, name=None, meta=None):
self._name = str(name) if name is not None else name
self.meta.update(meta or {})
@property
def name(self):
"""The name of the Cosmology instance."""
return self._name
@property
@abc.abstractmethod
def is_flat(self):
"""Return bool; `True` if the cosmology is flat.
This is abstract and must be defined in subclasses.
"""
raise NotImplementedError("is_flat is not implemented")
[docs]
def clone(self, *, meta=None, **kwargs):
"""Returns a copy of this object with updated parameters, as specified.
This cannot be used to change the type of the cosmology, so ``clone()``
cannot be used to change between flat and non-flat cosmologies.
Parameters
----------
meta : mapping or None (optional, keyword-only)
Metadata that will update the current metadata.
**kwargs
Cosmology parameter (and name) modifications. If any parameter is
changed and a new name is not given, the name will be set to "[old
name] (modified)".
Returns
-------
newcosmo : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance
A new instance of this class with updated parameters as specified.
If no arguments are given, then a reference to this object is
returned instead of copy.
Examples
--------
To make a copy of the ``Planck13`` cosmology with a different matter
density (``Om0``), and a new name:
>>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck13
>>> Planck13.clone(name="Modified Planck 2013", Om0=0.35)
FlatLambdaCDM(name='Modified Planck 2013', H0=<Quantity 67.77 km / (Mpc s)>,
Om0=0.35, ...
If no name is specified, the new name will note the modification.
>>> Planck13.clone(Om0=0.35).name
'Planck13 (modified)'
"""
# Quick return check, taking advantage of the Cosmology immutability.
if meta is None and not kwargs:
return self
# There are changed parameter or metadata values.
# The name needs to be changed accordingly, if it wasn't already.
_modname = self.name + " (modified)"
kwargs.setdefault("name", (_modname if self.name is not None else None))
# mix new meta into existing, preferring the former.
meta = meta if meta is not None else {}
new_meta = {**self.meta, **meta}
# Mix kwargs into initial arguments, preferring the former.
new_init = {**self.parameters, "meta": new_meta, **kwargs}
# Create BoundArgument to handle args versus kwargs.
# This also handles all errors from mismatched arguments
ba = self._init_signature.bind_partial(**new_init)
# Instantiate, respecting args vs kwargs
cloned = type(self)(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)
# Check if nothing has changed.
# TODO! or should return self?
if (cloned.name == _modname) and not meta and cloned.is_equivalent(self):
cloned._name = self.name
return cloned
# ---------------------------------------------------------------
# comparison methods
[docs]
def is_equivalent(self, other: Any, /, *, format: _FormatType = False) -> bool:
r"""Check equivalence between Cosmologies.
Two cosmologies may be equivalent even if not the same class.
For example, an instance of ``LambdaCDM`` might have :math:`\Omega_0=1`
and :math:`\Omega_k=0` and therefore be flat, like ``FlatLambdaCDM``.
Parameters
----------
other : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance, positional-only
The object to which to compare.
format : bool or None or str, optional keyword-only
Whether to allow, before equivalence is checked, the object to be
converted to a |Cosmology|. This allows, e.g. a |Table| to be
equivalent to a Cosmology.
`False` (default) will not allow conversion. `True` or `None` will,
and will use the auto-identification to try to infer the correct
format. A `str` is assumed to be the correct format to use when
converting.
``format`` is broadcast to match the shape of ``other``.
Note that the cosmology arguments are not broadcast against
``format``, so it cannot determine the output shape.
Returns
-------
bool
True if cosmologies are equivalent, False otherwise.
Examples
--------
Two cosmologies may be equivalent even if not of the same class.
In this examples the ``LambdaCDM`` has ``Ode0`` set to the same value
calculated in ``FlatLambdaCDM``.
>>> import astropy.units as u
>>> from astropy.cosmology import LambdaCDM, FlatLambdaCDM
>>> cosmo1 = LambdaCDM(70 * (u.km/u.s/u.Mpc), 0.3, 0.7)
>>> cosmo2 = FlatLambdaCDM(70 * (u.km/u.s/u.Mpc), 0.3)
>>> cosmo1.is_equivalent(cosmo2)
True
While in this example, the cosmologies are not equivalent.
>>> cosmo3 = FlatLambdaCDM(70 * (u.km/u.s/u.Mpc), 0.3, Tcmb0=3 * u.K)
>>> cosmo3.is_equivalent(cosmo2)
False
Also, using the keyword argument, the notion of equivalence is extended
to any Python object that can be converted to a |Cosmology|.
>>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck18
>>> tbl = Planck18.to_format("astropy.table")
>>> Planck18.is_equivalent(tbl, format=True)
True
The list of valid formats, e.g. the |Table| in this example, may be
checked with ``Cosmology.from_format.list_formats()``.
As can be seen in the list of formats, not all formats can be
auto-identified by ``Cosmology.from_format.registry``. Objects of
these kinds can still be checked for equivalence, but the correct
format string must be used.
>>> tbl = Planck18.to_format("yaml")
>>> Planck18.is_equivalent(tbl, format="yaml")
True
"""
from .funcs import cosmology_equal
try:
return cosmology_equal(
self, other, format=(None, format), allow_equivalent=True
)
except Exception:
# `is_equivalent` allows `other` to be any object and returns False
# if `other` cannot be converted to a Cosmology, rather than
# raising an Exception.
return False
def __equiv__(self, other: Any, /) -> bool:
"""Cosmology equivalence. Use ``.is_equivalent()`` for actual check!
Parameters
----------
other : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance, positional-only
The object in which to compare.
Returns
-------
bool or `NotImplemented`
`NotImplemented` if ``other`` is from a different class.
`True` if ``other`` is of the same class and has matching parameters
and parameter values.
`False` otherwise.
"""
if other.__class__ is not self.__class__:
return NotImplemented # allows other.__equiv__
# Check all parameters in 'other' match those in 'self' and 'other' has
# no extra parameters (latter part should never happen b/c same class)
# We do not use `self.parameters == other.parameters` because it does not work
# for aggregating the truthiness of arrays, e.g. `m_nu`.
return self._parameters_all == other._parameters_all and all(
np.all(getattr(self, k) == getattr(other, k)) for k in self._parameters_all
)
def __eq__(self, other: Any, /) -> bool:
"""Check equality between Cosmologies.
Checks the Parameters and immutable fields (i.e. not "meta").
Parameters
----------
other : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance, positional-only
The object in which to compare.
Returns
-------
bool
`True` if Parameters and names are the same, `False` otherwise.
"""
if other.__class__ is not self.__class__:
return NotImplemented # allows other.__eq__
eq = (
# non-Parameter checks: name
self.name == other.name
# check all parameters in 'other' match those in 'self' and 'other'
# has no extra parameters (latter part should never happen b/c same
# class). We do not use `self.parameters == other.parameters` because
# it does not work for aggregating the truthiness of arrays, e.g. `m_nu`.
# TODO! element-wise when there are array cosmologies
and self._parameters_all == other._parameters_all
and all(
np.all(getattr(self, k) == getattr(other, k))
for k in self._parameters_all
)
)
return eq
# ---------------------------------------------------------------
def __repr__(self):
fmtps = (f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self.parameters.items())
return f"{type(self).__qualname__}(name={self.name!r}, {', '.join(fmtps)})"
def __str__(self):
"""Return a string representation of the cosmology."""
name_str = "" if self.name is None else f'name="{self.name}", '
param_strs = (f"{k!s}={v!s}" for k, v in self.parameters.items())
return f"{type(self).__name__}({name_str}{', '.join(param_strs)})"
def __astropy_table__(self, cls, copy, **kwargs):
"""Return a `~astropy.table.Table` of type ``cls``.
Parameters
----------
cls : type
Astropy ``Table`` class or subclass.
copy : bool
Ignored.
**kwargs : dict, optional
Additional keyword arguments. Passed to ``self.to_format()``.
See ``Cosmology.to_format.help("astropy.table")`` for allowed kwargs.
Returns
-------
`astropy.table.Table` or subclass instance
Instance of type ``cls``.
"""
return self.to_format("astropy.table", cls=cls, **kwargs)
[docs]
class FlatCosmologyMixin(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
"""Mixin class for flat cosmologies.
Do NOT instantiate directly. Note that all instances of
``FlatCosmologyMixin`` are flat, but not all flat cosmologies are
instances of ``FlatCosmologyMixin``. As example, ``LambdaCDM`` **may**
be flat (for the a specific set of parameter values), but
``FlatLambdaCDM`` **will** be flat.
"""
_parameters: ClassVar[MappingProxyType[str, Parameter]]
_parameters_derived: ClassVar[MappingProxyType[str, Parameter]]
def __init_subclass__(cls: type[_FlatCosmoT]) -> None:
super().__init_subclass__()
# Determine the non-flat class.
# This will raise a TypeError if the MRO is inconsistent.
cls.__nonflatclass__ # noqa: B018
# ===============================================================
@classmethod # TODO! make metaclass-method
def _get_nonflat_cls(
cls, kls: type[_CosmoT] | None = None
) -> type[Cosmology] | None:
"""Find the corresponding non-flat class.
The class' bases are searched recursively.
Parameters
----------
kls : :class:`astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` class or None, optional
If `None` (default) this class is searched instead of `kls`.
Raises
------
TypeError
If more than one non-flat class is found at the same level of the
inheritance. This is similar to the error normally raised by Python
for an inconsistent method resolution order.
Returns
-------
type
A :class:`Cosmology` subclass this class inherits from that is not a
:class:`FlatCosmologyMixin` subclass.
"""
_kls = cls if kls is None else kls
# Find non-flat classes
nonflat: set[type[Cosmology]]
nonflat = {
b
for b in _kls.__bases__
if issubclass(b, Cosmology) and not issubclass(b, FlatCosmologyMixin)
}
if not nonflat: # e.g. subclassing FlatLambdaCDM
nonflat = {
k for b in _kls.__bases__ if (k := cls._get_nonflat_cls(b)) is not None
}
if len(nonflat) > 1:
raise TypeError(
"cannot create a consistent non-flat class resolution order "
f"for {_kls} with bases {nonflat} at the same inheritance level."
)
if not nonflat: # e.g. FlatFLRWMixin(FlatCosmologyMixin)
return None
return nonflat.pop()
__nonflatclass__ = classproperty(
_get_nonflat_cls, lazy=True, doc="Return the corresponding non-flat class."
)
# ===============================================================
@property
def is_flat(self):
"""Return `True`, the cosmology is flat."""
return True
[docs]
@abc.abstractmethod
def nonflat(self: _FlatCosmoT) -> _CosmoT:
"""Return the equivalent non-flat-class instance of this cosmology."""
[docs]
def clone(self, *, meta: Mapping | None = None, to_nonflat: bool = False, **kwargs):
"""Returns a copy of this object with updated parameters, as specified.
This cannot be used to change the type of the cosmology, except for
changing to the non-flat version of this cosmology.
Parameters
----------
meta : mapping or None (optional, keyword-only)
Metadata that will update the current metadata.
to_nonflat : bool, optional keyword-only
Whether to change to the non-flat version of this cosmology.
**kwargs
Cosmology parameter (and name) modifications. If any parameter is
changed and a new name is not given, the name will be set to "[old
name] (modified)".
Returns
-------
newcosmo : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance
A new instance of this class with updated parameters as specified.
If no arguments are given, then a reference to this object is
returned instead of copy.
Examples
--------
To make a copy of the ``Planck13`` cosmology with a different matter
density (``Om0``), and a new name:
>>> from astropy.cosmology import Planck13
>>> Planck13.clone(name="Modified Planck 2013", Om0=0.35)
FlatLambdaCDM(name='Modified Planck 2013', H0=<Quantity 67.77 km / (Mpc s)>,
Om0=0.35, ...
If no name is specified, the new name will note the modification.
>>> Planck13.clone(Om0=0.35).name
'Planck13 (modified)'
The keyword 'to_nonflat' can be used to clone on the non-flat equivalent
cosmology. For :class:`~astropy.cosmology.FLRW` cosmologies this means
``Ode0`` can be modified:
>>> Planck13.clone(to_nonflat=True, Ode0=1)
LambdaCDM(name='Planck13 (modified)', H0=<Quantity 67.77 km / (Mpc s)>,
Om0=0.30712, Ode0=1.0, ...
"""
if to_nonflat:
return self.nonflat.clone(meta=meta, **kwargs)
return super().clone(meta=meta, **kwargs)
# ===============================================================
def __equiv__(self, other):
"""Flat-|Cosmology| equivalence.
Use `astropy.cosmology.funcs.cosmology_equal` with
``allow_equivalent=True`` for actual checks!
Parameters
----------
other : `~astropy.cosmology.Cosmology` subclass instance
The object to which to compare for equivalence.
Returns
-------
bool or `NotImplemented`
`True` if ``other`` is of the same class / non-flat class (e.g.
|FlatLambdaCDM| and |LambdaCDM|) has matching parameters and
parameter values.
`False` if ``other`` is of the same class but has different
parameters.
`NotImplemented` otherwise.
"""
if isinstance(other, FlatCosmologyMixin):
return super().__equiv__(other) # super gets from Cosmology
# check if `other` is the non-flat version of this class this makes the
# assumption that any further subclass of a flat cosmo keeps the same
# physics.
if not issubclass(other.__class__, self.__nonflatclass__):
return NotImplemented
# Check if have equivalent parameters and all parameters in `other`
# match those in `self`` and `other`` has no extra parameters.
params_eq = (
# no extra parameters
self._parameters_all == other._parameters_all
# equal
and all(
np.all(getattr(self, k) == getattr(other, k)) for k in self.parameters
)
# flatness check
and other.is_flat
)
return params_eq
